How Well Do You Know the Subjunctive Mood in Spanish

Rembrandt and the Nude Essay - 1607 Words

Rembrandt van Rijn was a Dutch artist well known for his many paintings and etchings of landscapes, figures and animals. His subjects included biblical, secular and mythological scenes. Rembrandt also dabbled in the nude even though they were not popular among his contemporaries. Rembrandt’s nudes were his interpretation of the real human body. He painted every wrinkle and every fold of the body. Rembrandt’s nudes were not considered ugly and grotesque. His nudes were unlike the Greek goddesses his colleagues would portray. There has been some debate and questions as to whether or not Rembrandt used the most important women in his life as models for his nude masterpieces. The most important women in his life were his wife Saskia, his sons†¦show more content†¦The model was probably someone who was lower class and he did not feel it was an issue if they were recognizable in his painting. There is no evidence to suggest that this was Saskia because she was use d in many other portraits of Rembrandt’s and it is clear that faces do not match. There is also no real proof of Geertje Dircks facial features and therefore we cannot say for certain that this is she but this painting was completed in 1636. This shows that Geertje Dircks and Hendrickje Stoffels were probably not the models since they did not come into Rembrandt’s life until years later. Susanna and the Elders, 1647 The painting of Susanna and the Elders is based on the biblical story of Susanna the devout and beautiful wife of rich Joachim. In the story he had a large garden that functioned as a meeting place where two Elders would conduct sessions and justice was administered. Susanna had gone to take a bath in the garden after everyone had left. Susanna had sent away her servants and the gates of the garden had been closed. In the garden the two Elders had hidden themselves and then emerged confessing their love to her. The two Elders ask Susanna to â€Å"lay with them† and blackmail her, telling her that if she does not then they will say she was with a young man in the garden. Susanna seeing that she was in a situation that she could not win she refused the Elders. The Elders carried out theirShow MoreRelatedRembrandt Van Rijn Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesHovater World History 28 March 2013 Rembrandt van Rijn People consider the Dutch painter and etcher, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, an important figure in Dutch history. He achieved success at a very early age but had personal tragedies and financial hardships in his later years. Many are familiar with Rembrandt’s reputation. Rembrandt’s works show his greatest accomplishments. Mainly his childhood and home life influenced his works. Steadfastly, Rembrandt van Rijn, the greatest Dutch portraitRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance Period867 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance time period, some of which were new to art altogether. This includes the representation of the human body and the nude and the portrayal of women. From around 1300 to around 1600, European art saw many new scenes of the human body and how it was represented. As the period of Renaissance Art progressed, so did the quantity of portraits, the portrayal of the nude, and memorial statues of the human body. Themes of the human figure in art were also beginning to get a larger audience viewingRead MoreThe Metamorphoses By Ovid s Metamorphoses1844 Words   |  8 Pageslife expresses many Ovidian themes of censorship, chastity, and punishment by the divine hand. Despite superficial differences between the painting and the book, the scene remains true to the myth of Actaeon Diana both visually and thematically. Rembrandt successfully enhances certain Ovidian motifs by adapting imagery, characters, and themes from the writing onto the canvas. Rembrandt’s techniques are derived from the Baroque period, using the style as a medium to project qualities of the MetamorphosesRead MoreThe Sexuality Of Picasso And His Life1539 Words   |  7 Pagesage of 13, Picasso’s sexual persona began to be revealed with a drawing of two donkeys fornicating. When Picasso was 16, he visited several brothels in Paris and Barcelona and produced a number of drawings from these experiences. These works included nude women by themselves but also performing sexual acts with other participants. In 1903, he painted La Douleur, also known as Scene Erotique, a work depicting a young man receiving oral sex from a woman. It is believed that the man is actually a representationRead MorePablo Picasso : The Best And Most Influential Artists Of The 20th Century1583 Words   |  7 Pagesage of 13, Picasso’s sexual persona began to be revealed with a drawing of two donkeys fornicating. When Picasso was 16, he visited several brothels in Paris and Barcelona and produced a number of drawings from these experiences. These works included nude women by themselves but also performing sexual acts with other participants. In 1903, he painted La Douleur, also known as Scene Erotique, a work depicting a young man receiving oral sex from a woman. It is believed that the man is actually a representationRead MoreThe Sexuality of Pablo Picasso Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof 13, Picasso’s sexual persona began to be revealed with a drawing of two donkeys fornicating. When Picasso was 16, he visited several brothels in Paris and Barcelona and produced a number of drawings from these experiences. These works included nude women by themselves but also performing sexual acts with other participants. In 1903, he painted La Douleur, also known as Scene Erotique, a work depicting a young man receiving oral sex from a woman. It is believed that the man is actually a representationRead MoreComparing Art And The Baroque Eras 989 Words   |  4 Pageswill be described by the characteristics, styles and the influences of each; Renaissance and Baroque works of art. Famous artist from the Renaissance era were Leonard da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Famous artist from the Baroque era were Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn and Michelangelo Merisi o Amerighi da Caravaggio. The Renaissance History The Renaissance era began in Italy, spread to the rest of Europe and lasted from the 14th to the 17th century. It was defined as a period of culturalRead MoreEssay about 19th Century Art1240 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression one should expect from the romantic subjectivity of the time. At the very beginning of the â€Å"modern period† stands the imposing figure of Francisco Goya (1746-1828), the great independent painter from Spain. With much indebtedness to Velazquez, Rembrandt and the wonders of the natural world, Goya occupies the status of an artistic giant. His artistic range goes from the late Venetian Baroque through the brilliant impressionistic realism of his own to a late expressionism in which dark and powerfulRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci s Portrait Of Cecilia Gallerani Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesgood-looking but had virtue. Framed by a spiky bush of juniper, her young, coolly assertive face seems to expand to fill your mind. It is not just her refined yet adole scent features, but the power of her eyes, shining with gravity; like the eyes in any Rembrandt self-portrait, they really do seem windows to the soul. Leonardo moved to Milan near the start of the 1480s, and began working for Sforza, as an engineer, sculptor and  painter. He portrayed the ladies of  the court with the same sense of inner characterRead MoreA Grand Chain Of Rebellion First Beginning Of The Renaissance Era2674 Words   |  11 Pagesposition relative to the painting; it is the ultimate work of a genius. †¢ Anatomy Studies: As an artist, he drew many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. Most famous among these is his drawing of the Vitruvian man: a nude male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square whose measurements are surprisingly correct on the average. †¢ Engineering: He had a creative mind and not all his engineering

Inbound Tourism of South Africa Free Essays

Inbound Tourism of South Africa There are two main factors in recent history that contributed to the increased number of Inbound Tourists to South Africa. The First would be because of the political history of South Africa. After the Second World war there were serious segregation laws implemented. We will write a custom essay sample on Inbound Tourism of South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Separating blacks from whites – they named it Apartheid. Play clip: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rz4F_InsBeo If you were a tourist in South Africa and you weren’t white you would have to make use of the non-whites facilities – which were usually of poor standards. In an attempt to put an end to Apartheid, South Africa was sanctioned by the UN and naturally this put South Africa on the global stage. Shortly After ,the UK and USA boycotted South Africa with: * Economic sanctions * Military sanctions * Cultural boycotts * Sporting boycotts Later 23 countries joined in these boycotts. This meant that none of those countries traveled to South Africa . Musicians, actors, writers or other artists did not publish any of their material of South African nature. South Africa was isolated from the world, in the sense that foreigners did no longer invest or visit South Africa but South Africa was still getting a lot of attention internationally. The protests against the Apartheid movement became more violent and the political unrest even worse. Of course this made tourists skeptical of travelling to South Africa. 1990 marked the end of Apartheid; in 1994 South Africa had their first democratic elections. Nelson Mandela was voted the first black President of South Africa. Since 1994 South African Tourism growth has been exceptional Million people Year Only 16 years after being a democratic and free country , South Africa had the opportunity to host the 2010 Soccer World Cup . This event made the world even more aware of South Africa, everyone was talking about the Soccer World Cup and therefore South Africa as a country received even more publicity. Even without the number of tourists that visited South Africa for the Soccer , the number of tourists still increased. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=SPEG8Gn6Qxkfeature=related South Africa can cater for almost every type of tourist: * Business tourism * Cultural Tourism * Eco-tourism * Paleo-tourism * Adventure tourism * Sports tourism Today Tourism is one of the biggest industries in South Africa it even surpassed the Gold exports as the earner of foreign currency. Germany , the UK and North American countries used to make up most of the inbound tourist , but over the past year India and China have increasingly visited South Africa. The department of tourism is investing more into marketing in India and China. There are also a couple of strategies put into place to improve the Tourism market in South Africa as a whole. OUTBOUND TOURISM Since the end of apartheid the majority of the population is no longer oppressed. The people of South Africa no matter what race can get better education and as a result they can also pursue better careers. Since more and more South Africans earned decent salaries they could put more money aside for travelling. Although domestic travel is higher than Outbound Tourism , the number of residents Traveling out of South Africa do increase every year. Another factor contributing to outbound travel is globalization, people are getting more curious about the world and they want to experience different destinations first hand. There are also of course business trips as South African companies grow. Sources http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=WTiml3HNFtY (UNTWO) * http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=SPEG8Gn6Qxkfeature=related * http://www. statssa. gov. za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022011. pdf * http://www. southafrica. info/travel/tourism-030912. tm#ixzz27Yai8HuF * http://www. southafrica. info/travel/tourism-030912. htm#ixzz27YaTs4rg * http://www. sagoodnews. co. za/tourism/tourist_arrivals_up_3. 3_. html * http://www. info. gov. za/speech/DynamicAction? pageid=461sid=30329tid=82144 * http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rz4F_InsBeo * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheidhttp://www. mongabay. com/reference/country_studies/south-africa/ECONOMY. html * http://www. euromonitor. com/t ravel-and-tourism-in-south-africa/report How to cite Inbound Tourism of South Africa, Papers

War of the Worlds Prose Essay Example For Students

War of the Worlds Prose Essay The novel The War Of The Worlds was written in 1898 by H.G Wells. Wells was a well known author, he write many other books this being his most successful. In this period of time optical microscopes only recently became powerful enough to see bacteria, transportation was only by foot, bicycle, horse and steam engine if you had the money. The only communication over a distance was by telegraph, this was done by tapping out words. The book was so successful it was made into a radio play in 1936 which was so realistic it cause panic. In 1996 Independence Day was filmed using wells ideas. Then in 2005, Steven Spielberg made the film The War Of The Worlds Starring Tom Cruise. It release was delayed because of 9/11 had made people so fearful that terrorism would overthrow our way of life. For this to happen the book must be very popular. When the novel was written was in 1898 Britain ruled over 25% of the world. The British people were used to invading different countries and winning battles and wars. In the novel London is being over powered by the Martians who landed in Horsell Common from Mars. Wells sets the play just outside London an area that is well known to him, he uses real place names like Horsell, Sunbury, Twickenham, Fulham this makes the reader more involved in the book and make it feel more like a real life situation. I think Wells chooses to use a narrator in the novel by doing this as well writing in the first person, its as if its real, as if were watching events through the narrators eye to make a bigger description of what is going on and the surroundings more clearer. The effect of switching to his brother in London gives a different perspective on what was happening in the book and how it effected different people. Wells chooses to use very few main characters I think this is because wells tries to make you feel as if you were in the book, there wouldnt be main people as you would be moving away from the Martians. He uses his wife, the artilleryman, the curate I think he does this to show thats what you would call them if you were there at that time. I think the detailed description of the places make to the novel such a hit because it engages the readers interest making you feel part of it. When the first Martian shows moods change from excitement to distress to dread. The novel is split into two, the first part describing the places and how the Martians arrived, attacked, killed and destroying things and trying to take over. It has 112 pages and is over 6 days whereas the second part is from 7th to 22nd day but lacking much detail this part is about how the Martians take control over Earth, the killing of the Martians and the red weed dying. I think the book is not easy to read as some of the language is quite hard to understand, but you can understand the basic plot of it. I think the book would be a great hit in this day and age but maybe for a more experienced reader.

Sorry for the loss free essay sample

Sorry for the Loss analysis essay The aim of this piece of work is to complete an analysis and interpretation of Bridget Keehans short story â€Å"Sorry for the Loss, centering on Keehans use of narrative techniques and the contrasts presented to the reader in the story. Keehan wrote the short story Sorry for the Loss, originally for a short story competition it became part of the anthology gathering said short stories in 2008. The story takes place in a prison supposedly in Great Britain. Here, the reader encounter Chaplain Evie, whom will have to go tell a lad named Victor, that his Nan has passed. Evie is a teeny bit fearful towards the task as delivering bad news to prisoners have a habit of ending badly. The reader is following her down the prison as she makes her way to cell 22A in the E wing and during her walk there, the narrative paints the picture of a well functioning prison. We will write a custom essay sample on Sorry for the loss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evie a chaplain and therefore has to deliver the news of passing and such to other Catholics, like Victor. As Evie reaches the E wing, she is allowed in by a guard the size of a defensive football player. She is allowed to enter Victors cell. She studies his face and the reader learns of her discoveries: Sparkly eyes, olive skin, a welcoming grin. After Evie addresses him they first misunderstand each other. Victor believes she is there to tell him whether or not he got in to a course and ask her if he had gotten a spot on the course. She replies with â€Å"sorry†, which so happens to be the name of the course he wishes to attend. They go back and forth a bit, before Evie returns to the subject matter at hand. The dead Nan. As she tells Victor the news, he inhales sharply through his nose and peers out the cells window, where a pigeon sat and cooed. He recites a line of poetry to Evie, who recognize it to be Shakespeare. King Lear, says Victor and goes about the extract he and the book club guy, Ron, is putting together. He mentions his role, who is a female, which in return brings him to think of his Nan. Suddenly he goes from talking of how female roles were men playing women, then he speaking of his Nan, who apparently smoked pot – blaming her abuse on her multiple sclerosis or â€Å"MS†, as Victor says himself. He choose to believe she would have been a pot head, even if she wasnt ill. Evie informs Victor, that its not too late to pray for his Nan. A statement she regrets even before finishing it, as it was certainly not what Victor needed to hear at the moment, which he confirms with a disdainful glare. Failing to start the conversation anew Evie tries to talk about something from the room, but can not for the life of her find something to speak of. She returns to her script: Would you like to come to the the chapel and light a candle and say a prayer for your Nan? Victors response is to ask for the Imam. Victor proceeds to speak about his neighboring cellmate, who fancies torturing the pigeons in his own window. They agree on it being evil, but Evie cannot help but ponder this young, bright man, who can feel for the pigeons, yet not show emotion when informed of his grandmothers passing. Nearing the end, the reader follows Evie to the fifth floor, where the inmates, whove had visits, are standing to wave goodbye to their loved ones. Evie is gripped by the sight and fakes a cold not to seem too soft on the officer, who let her in to the wing. He questions her about Victor and how he accepted his Nans death. Evie tells him fine and goes on to question the officer about Victors reason to be incarcerated. A butterfly knife to the gut of one of the students from his school. This leads her to think about the irony behind the name of the blade. Butterfly. A word representing something so fragile and delicate placed on something mainly used for violence. Ive taken the liberty of proposing that the story takes place in Great Britain for two reasons. One, the author is herself from Wales and second, Victor uses the expression â€Å"innit†1 which is British slang for â€Å"is it not†. Evie is the main character of the story. She is religious as we can deduct from her being a chaplain, while her own retrospective further informs us of her devoted piety. She prays multiple times a day, if possible. Even though shes worked in her position for over a year, it is possible that she has only recently been ordained, as the narrative mentions it being the first time, she is going to talk to someone alone as mentioned the first page: †This will be the first death notice she has delivered on her own and she wants to get it right. †2 which in turn implies a superior or former mentor. Victor is first considered to be Catholic, but turns out hes keeping an open-mind and therefore is studying the Quran, as well as Shakespeare. This  leaves the reader to deduct that here we have a intelligent, bright adult, who seek to expand his mind as well as his knowledge. His though facade doesnt crack much during Evies visit, but a few examples of his kind heart comes to show, especially through the conversation about pigeons. As I mentioned earlier theyre having a conversation about Victors â€Å"neighbor†, who killed the birds for the fun of it. In reply to his question about it being evil or not, Evie tells him to love the sinner, but hate the sin. Humorously he replies:† Okay Miss, Ill tell that to the pigeon. Hey, hes gone! Must have heard me talking bout his mate! †3 It shows that hes still a free spirit, finding joy and happiness in the little things, even after five years of imprisonment. The bit with the butterfly knife is interesting also and here Keehan couldnt have put it better:†.. A butterfly knife(.. )the strangeness of how a thing so hard and sharp, designed to cut, slice and stab, could be named after something so delicate and easy to kill. †4 Well put. It brings a certain degree of irony in to the story. Presents us with a light side to the dark and visa versa. This gives contrast to the story. The contrasts in this story come to show in the way the prison is being portrayed. Usually prison stories are dark and violent, while this one is enlightening the readers happiness. Even though were presented with huge, gray stone walls theres light to the dark. Regular life and freedom is just beyond the window, but yet so far away. One of the contrasts I like best is the one comparing heroin to prayer. Evie is thinking of her own praying experience, which makes her feel â€Å".. comforted as though a fleece, gentle and soft, were enveloping her. †5. This makes her think of the junkies, who state that heroin makes them feel â€Å"..  like being wrapped in cotton wool, all warm and lovely†. 6 I would also like to return to the butterfly knife, when speaking of contrasts. As I mentioned before Keehan has chosen a marvelous way of describing the irony in giving a deadly weapon such a lovely name. As to narrative techniques Miss Bridget Keehan starts the story using in m edias res. The reader is turning to first page. BAM! Story is unfolding, giving us the scenario, but no background story and or information. As well as using a limited third-person narrator, who knows the feelings and thoughts of Evie, but not the people around her. As it comes to show through this paragraph:†Evie blows her nose and coughs, trying to feign a cold in the hope the officer does not think her soft. He grins and pulls a smooth white tissue from his pocket and hands it to her. † Here, the reader learns the thoughts behind Evies actions, but present no clue as to what the officer is thinking of her sobbing. So with this I have analyzed the story, brought to attention certain aspects of narrative techniques and given a thorough review of the story. You and I now have a much better understanding of the story Sorry for the Loss by Bridget Keehan.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Servir

How to Conjugate the French Verb Servir Servir (to serve, to be useful) is an irregular French -ir  verb. Below are the simple conjugations of the verb  servir; they do not include the compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb with the past participle. Within irregular  -ir  verb conjugations, there are some  patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. Then there is a final, large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Servir is an Irregular -ir- Verb Servir  lies in the first group of irregular  -ir  verbs that display a pattern. It includes dormir, mentir, partir, sentir, servir, sortir, and all of their derivatives, such as repartir. All of these verbs share this characteristic: They all drop the last letter of the stem in the singular conjugations. For instance, first person singular of  servir  is  je sers  (no v) and first person plural is  nous servons  (retains the v  from the stem). The more you recognize these patterns, the easier it will be to remember conjugations. Servir is Conjugated Like  French Verbs Ending in -mir, -tir, -vir   Generally speaking, most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated this way. Such verbs include: dormir   to sleependormir  Ã‚  to put/send to sleepredormir  Ã‚  to sleep some morerendormir  Ã‚  to put back to sleepdà ©partir  Ã‚  to accordpartir  Ã‚  to leaverepartir  Ã‚  to restart, set off againconsentir   to consentpressentir     to have a premonitionressentir  Ã‚  to feel, sensesentir  Ã‚  to feel, to smellmentir  Ã‚  to liese repentir  Ã‚  to repentsortir  Ã‚  to go outservir  Ã‚  to serve, to be useful Expressions and Usage servir quelquun de / en quelque chose to serve somebody with something / to serve something to somebodyCest difficile de se faire servir ici. /  Ã‚  Its difficult to get served here.Sers le cafà ©.  Ã‚  Pour the coffee.Puis-je te servir du poulet  ?  Ã‚  Can I serve you some chicken ?Le dà ®ner est servi  !  Ã‚  Dinner  is  ready / served !Sers-moi boire.   Give  / pour me a drink.Ils nous servent toujours les mà ªmes histoires aux informations. They always dish out the same old stories on the newsServir la patrie / une cause   to serve country/ a causeOn nest jamais si bien servi que par soi-mà ªme.  (proverb)   If you want something done right, do it yourself.Servir les intà ©rà ªts dune dette  Ã‚  to service a debtservir la messe   to say / hold massIl a servi, ce manteau.   I got a lot of use out of this coat !Ça na jamais servi.   Its never been used toi de servir.  (tennis) Your serve.servir to be used forÇa ne sert rien de lui en parler. Its useless to talk to him / Its no use talking to him about it. Crier ne sert rien. Theres no point in shouting.servir de to act as, to beJe lui ai servi dinterprà ¨te.   I acted as his interpreter.se servir [pronominal reflexive] to help oneselfServez-vous de  / en là ©gumes. Help yourself to vegetables.Je me suis servi un verre de lait.   I poured myself a glass of milk.se servir [pronominal passive] to be servedLe vin rouge se sert chambrà ©. Red wine should be served at room temperature.se servir de quelque chose to use somethingIl ne peut plus se servir de son bras droit. He cant use his right arm anymore.Cest une arme dont on ne se sert plus.   Its a weapon that is no longer used  / in use.se servir de quelque chose comme  Ã‚  to use something asse servir de quelquun  Ã‚  to make use of  / to use somebody Simple Conjugations of the Irregular French -ir Verb Servir Present Future Imperfect Present participle je sers servirai servais servant tu sers serviras servais il sert servira servait nous servons servirons servions vous servez servirez serviez ils servent serviront servaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle servi   Ã‚  SubjunctiveConditionalPassà © simpleImperfect subjunctivejeserveserviraisservisservissetuservesserviraisservisservissesilserveserviraitservitservà ®tnousservionsservirionsservà ®messervissionsvousserviezserviriezservà ®tesservissiezilsserventserviraientservirentservissent Imperative (tu) sers (nous) servons (vous) servez

The Worlds Most Ethical Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

The Worlds Most Ethical Companies - Essay Example Colgate-Palmolive is a company which was founded for the purpose of creating the best products in the market for its consumers. It is because of this that it has often worked towards the development of those products which are not only attractive to consumers, but also highly beneficial to their health. Moreover, because of its need to retain the loyalty of its customers, Colgate-Palmolive has more often than not become involved in corporate social responsibility initiatives designed to ensure that the lives of people in those places where it has operations that directly affect them are improved (Ferrell and John 315). Because of such initiatives, as well as the high quality of the products that it manufactures, Colgate-Palmolive has managed to retain the loyalty of its customers throughout the decades of its existence. Furthermore, as a result of its reputation of producing only the best quality products, this company has managed to comfortably settle into new markets within a short time, unlike those companies which have a questionable reputation. In this way, Colgate is one of the most recognisable consumer brands in the world, with many individuals simply buying it products because the name Colgate gives them confidence about their quality. Consumers of Colgate-Palmolive products rarely have a problem with it and this is because of the company’s awareness that the production of inferior products will mean that it will lose out to its competitors, many of which also work hard to outpace its products in the market. Thus, Colgate-Palmolive has retained the confidence of its customers through observing their best interests as a means of making profits in the long term. This company often keeps its lines of communication with its customers open so that whenever there are any complaints about its products and services, they are taken care of swiftly and this has worked towards enhancing customer

Strategic Management of Wal-Mart Stores Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management of Wal-Mart Stores - Essay Example It is to mention that the company that has been chosen for the study is Wal-Mart. The purpose of the study is to recognize the Wal-Mart’s strategy and further create an argument to verify if the strategy that has been adopted by the company is appropriate or not. About Wal-Mart Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is a company that is in America and belongs to the category of public corporation. It operates numerous chains of the discount department based stores and also warehouse stores. The company outperformed in the year 2010 and was successful at becoming the biggest corporation in the world in terms of revenue as per the Forbes Global 2000 for that particular year. It was incorporated in the year 1969. It is worthy of stating that because of the strategic actions taken by the company, it has been successful at expanding its operations in 15 countries with 8500 stores and 55 numerous names (Scribd, 2011). Wal-Mart’s Low Cost Strategy The Wal-Mart’s stores are present in alm ost every ‘nook and corner’ of the world. The obvious question that arises in the mind relates to the reason behind the successful operation of the company. The reason behind is the low prices that the company maintains for the purpose of attracting the customers. ... The main objective of the store is to maintain low prices so that the customers are happy with Wal-Mart. However, these corporations don’t take into concern the happiness of the workers in 48 different countries (Bauer, 2005). It can be argued that the company’s strategic move towards the maintenance of low price seems to be immoral and immaterial. Although by maintaining low prices, it can attract its customers and keep them happy and satisfied but it seems to be negligible towards the society. Wal-Mart Expansion Strategy It is apparent that the company has been successful at expanding its operation in various countries of the world for the purpose of rejuvenating the sales growth. It tried to expand its operation in Germany, however it was not successful at maintaining long term survival in that particular country where Wal-Mart tried to make the store profitable for many years. The reason behind the malfunction had been the company’s inconsideration towards th e German competitors, shoppers as well as the rules, cultural differences and labor unions whose strength impeded the success of the company in Germany. The same strategy has been quite successful in the United States. At this instance, it is important to assess the cause behind the disappointment of the company’s strategy of expansion in Germany. It is to be stated that different countries have dissimilar cultures and different perceptions regarding the purchase of a product. The companies need to adopt the strategies accordingly. A particular strategy that helped the organization to outperform its operation in one country may take the business to failure in another country (DePamphilis, 2009). Competition at

Ethics and Performance Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics and Performance Measures - Research Paper Example It is imperative to measure the extent to which ethics are applied, so that the company becomes resourceful to employees and the community at large. By doing so, it win the trust of consumers, as well as gaining more profits for the organization. When a company manages to have a greater profit margin, it has a better opportunity to expand and offer more opportunities for employees. The vices that are taken for granted in the company are the ones that draw back the efforts in the organization (Shell, 2009). Unethical Behavior As A Result of Wrong Performance Measures There are many things which lead to the unethical behaviors in an organization. There is a need for constant checking of the manner in which employees conduct themselves because, if they are left on their own, they end up making mistakes due to peer influence or greed. In Sparkling Automotive Company, the presidents need to ensure that there is the measurement of ethics and behaviors of the employees because failure to ch eck on the behaviors can ruin a business that has been operational since 1930. The fact that there are no unethical behaviors exhibited by the employees does not mean that the employees are trustworthy (Arveson, 2002). Most of the employees harbor bad intentions or they get influenced by corrupt distributors or suppliers who access commodity from the company in wholesale. They may offers bribes to the respective employees for some under movements which will cause the company a lot of money. This ends up making the company undergo loss because the workers will out any money to be paid. Competitors use the gullible employees to carry out destructive missions, such as pirating the procedures used in manufacturing of the plugs; they result in production of counterfeit products which affect the results in the markets. Many workers who do not keep the secrets of the company line of production cause a dent to the company because they create unnecessary fracture to the production niche. Whe n counterfeit products are in surplus in the market, it takes the market a hard time to realize, hence, it affects the turnover of the company (Arveson, 2002). Corrupt means of cost cutting in the company where the heads of the organization acquire bribe to give tenders affect the image of the company. All this needs to be checked because neglecting such issues only worsens the situation in the organization of Sparkling Automotive Company (SAC) (Shell, 2009). When performance measures are tied to compensations, it creates a workforce that is driven by the need to create more resources for the company. This propagates the encouragement of unethical behaviors due to compromised honesty. In Sparkling Automotive Company, performance measures fall into four categories, which are customer perspective, financial perspective, internal process perspective, and learning and growth perspective. All these categories need to be acted upon for the company to flourish in its manufacturing and sale s of plugs in Sparkling Automotive Company. When all levels of employees in the company are not involved in the company activities pertaining production and selling of the plugs, there would be a lot of frauds that can choke the running of the organization. Delivering the plugs can counter a lot of hiccups which slow the

Preservation and Conservation of Books

Preservation and Conservation of Books PPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF BOOKS NON – BOOKS IN ASIATIC SOCIETY LIBRARY, MUMBAI: A STUDY Key Words – Library, preservation, conservation. Introduction:- Preservation and conservation of reading resources is central mission of the libraries. Now a days the wind of computerization and digitization blowing everywhere in the world. The libraries are also not behind to them. New emerging technologies such as computer and digitization are the boon For the preservation and conservation of traditional resources. So, I selected the topic on â€Å"preservation and conservation of books and non-books† in the four libraries which are old and situated in Mumbai reason for M. Phil. Degree (Awarded in 2009). But for writing this research paper I have chosen only â€Å"Asiatic society library, fort, Mumbai. Till today many libraries and reading resources destroyed. There are many reasons behind them. Some natural calamities such as fire, flood, climate etc are the factors causes to destroy the libraries. Some times human made attacks on the libraries, wars and biological factors such as micro organisms, white ants like insects etc. tried to destroy the libraries and causes losses of valuable cultural documents of India till . in ancient India Nalanda, Vallabhi, Odantapuri etc. were the excellent knowledge imparted centers. But, some libraries fired by enemy in the war and destroy all the reading resources. So, preservation and conservation is important to save the libraries. History of Asiatic society library : The Asiatic society forms part of the network of institutions created by the British to generate, systematize and disseminate knowledge of India and the Orient a vast body of information learning and knowledge that came to be known as INDOLOGY. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (in 2002 it renamed itself as the Asiatic society of Mumbai) was established in 26th Nov 1804 by a great Savant, Sir James Mackintosh, the recorder of Bombay, with the Objective of â€Å"promoting useful knowledge, particularly connected with India†. The society originally located in government house in Parel (Now there is Hafkin Institute) . In 1931 it moved into the north wings of the newly constructed Town Hall. At that time expenditure of Town Hall building was Rs. 6,56,669/- . (Gurav, anant,p-19) Scope and limitations of the study Every research has some scope and limitations. Title for M. Phil Thesis is â€Å"Preservation and conservation of books and non-books material in old libraries of Mumbai region : A study†. It means the scope and limitations of my study was only four libraries of Mumbai region (awarded in 2009- YCMOU Nasik.) . name of these libraries are as follows. Asiatic Society library, Town Hall, Mumbai (Established-1804) State Central library, Town Hall, Mumbai (1947) Dadar Sarvajanik Vachanalaya, Dadar (1907) S. V. Phatak Granthasangrahalay, Parle (1925) Out of these four libraries in this research paper I want to focus on Asiatic society Library, Mumbai only. Objective of the study. Keeping of reading resources in good condition is very responsible and difficult task. Every library do something to preserve and conserve their resources. Different methods going to uses by different libraries. So, I have to curiosity to know how these libraries preserves reading materials . accordingly my objectives of the study are as follows. 1) To study the present position of preservation and conservation of the book and non books material. 2) To study the factors which causes decaying of reading resources. 3) To study the preservation and conservation of old and rare books. 4) To study of the preservation and conservation and suggest resolution. Hypothesis : following are the hypothesis of research. The selected library is imparting knowledge continuously for many years Library has manuscripts, rare books which are preserved and conserved in good condition. So many readers, researchers and institutions taking benefits of this library. Library is doing a good job for society and helps to make the nation strong. Research Methods : There are different methods of the research. I have used descriptive and historical research methods for this study. Data collection Methods : Data collection is basic and important activity of every research. For data collection I used 1) Questionnaire, 2) Interview, 3) Observation. Method Need of the Study : Traditionally library collection contain a wide range of organic materials including paper, cloth, animal skins and adhesives. Such organic substances undergo a continual and inevitable natural ageing process. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra and economic capital of country. Mumbai is metropolitan city. The atmosphere of Mumbai region is hot and humid. Such atmosphere is favorable to create and grow germs, cockroaches, book worms, white-ants that causes decaying and damaging pages of the books. Now the area where Asiatic society library situated is surrounded by newly built skyscrapers. It is important business area with many banks and offices with hustle and bustle of traffic which creates full of dust particles. Such type of atmosphere is harmful to traditional as well as newly book resources. So, I decided to study the libraries which are situated in metropolitan city like Mumbai. Libraries are worked like genes. Genes transfer the human characters from one generation to next generation. Likewise libraries transfer information or knowledge from one generation to next generation with the help of reading resources like books and non book materials. It’s a need of time to save the reading resources and libraries. Data Analysis : Question no 1, 2 and 3 are related to the general information of the library. The Q. No. 4 asked information about forms and types of reading resources available in the library. Received data are shoe in the following table follows. The table No. 1: Forms and Number of Reading Resources. Bar Chart Shows forms and No. of Available Resources in the Library. The Intention of Question no .6 is to find out total sections of the library and have there a separate section for preservation and conservation. The find out comes as following. Table No.2 : Sections of Library Question No. 7 was asked about readers of the library. In the Asiatic society library every day 25 members visited to the library and 2500 are lifetime members. members of library are students, teachers and some institutions also. Question No. 9 was about the personnel’s of the library. In this library there are following personnel recruited on different posts in the library. Table No. 3 : personnel When observation of above table of personnel found that there are separate skilled and qualified personnel are recruited in preservation, conservation and binding section. Question No. 11 is asked on preservation and conservation policy of the library. For more information I also taken separate interview of preservation, conservation and binding sections personnel. What I got information is very important and very few libraries follow such policy. The received data are as follows. Library has three sections such as preservation, conservation and book binding. Every section has its separate function. Preservation section is established in 1995. Under this section old, rare, damaged books and manuals are converted in to microform and preserved. 5-6 palm leaves are also preserved in microform. Conservation section : tissuing process Conservation section of this library is established in 1991. Under this section the books which are damaged by acidity and tearing the pages of the books, such books they processed with tissuing method and increase the life of the books. In tissuing process there are three steps which are described as follows. Fumigation : this is the 1st step in tissuing process. in fumigation process all the books (which are selected for tissuing) are make insect free / microorganism free by keeping books in fumigation (fumes of insecticides like Thymol) chamber. After fumigation books putout and separated its pages and clean all these pages with soft brush. These cleaned pages forward to ‘Deacidification’ process. Deacidification : this is the 2nd step of tissuing. In this process set of 2-3 fumigated pages ties with wire mesh. This wire mesh with tied pages pours into 10 liter water for half an hour. After then these pages pour into alkaline liquid (Calcium hydroxide) for half an hour. In this process eradicate the complete acidity of the pages. Lastly these acid free pages wash in normal water and dried naturally. These dried pages used for tissuing process. Tissuing : this is the 3rd and last step of tissuing process. Tissuing process is like lamination process. In this process Japanese tissue paper is mostly used. Tissue paper is special and very thin transparent paper. This tissue paper called as â€Å"lanced tissue paper† it is acid free paper. In this process acid free (2nd step) pages put on wax paper and the paste spread over it by the brush. Then take large tissue paper paste both side of the page of book and excess tissue paper cut equal with page size and lastly this tissued pages sent to binding section for binding. In this way personnel of conservation section told that with the help of tissuing process increase the life of books for hundred years. Binding Section: Binding section of this library is oldest section. In this section continuous binding work is going on . they bind of old books, new arrival books, news papers (2) and atlases. Every year Average1800 books bind by this section. This section used self made paste for binding and it is insecticide. It means binding section of this library is also very alert in preservation and conservation of library resources. Question No.16 was asked about enemies of reading resources. Accordingly in this library the readers, mouse, cockroaches, white ants, silverfishes, dust and rain water which comes from window these are the factors which damage or destroy the library resources. They also mention that to protect the books from dust we uses vacuum cleaner. Question No. 19 asked to take the information about preservation and conservation of non books. They replied that we keep maps and atlases in flat position (without folding) in cabinet and sometimes if required bind it. They bind two news papers such as times of india and national herald tributes. For security of microfilm they keep all the microfilm in 3-4 degree centigrade temperature. Question No.21 was asked to about protection of library from fire like calamity. The Asiatic society library has facility of fire extinguisher to control the fire like calamity and they also the facility of fog extinguisher to protect library fog like calamity. Conclusion : Considering the received data, hypothesis and objective of the study the conclusions are as follows. The Asiatic Society library is the old library and provides the best services to its members since 1804. Library has available books and non-books material which keeps in good condition. Found separate Preservation, conservation and binding section of the library and played very vital roles in increasing the life of reading resources. Some rare books , manuscripts and palm leaves are converted in microfilm form and saved. Found Facility of fire extinguisher and fog extinguisher from the security of fire and fog. To protect the reading resources from dust there is a facility of vacuum cleaner. In this way Asiatic society library’s work in field of preservation and conservation is definitely valuable in the field of library and information science. REFERANCES: 1) Chaudhary, S. K. : Library Preservation and conservation, APH pub. Corporation, New Delhi, 2011 2) Anant Gurav : Vishwa Granthalayache, Aarati prakashan, dombivali, 1998. 3) Joshi Laxmanshastri : Marathi Vishwakosh (vol 5 13), Maharashtra Rajya Sahity Sanskrari Mandal, 1977 1987. 4) Annual Report of The Asiatic Society of Mumbai and The Library of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai, 2006-07. Pamphlet of Asiatic society library. 5) Mukharjee, B. B. : Preservations of Library Materials, Archives and documents, the world press pvt. Ltd., Calcutta. 1

The Death Penalty is Effective Essay -- Support Capital Punishment Ess

The Death Penalty is Effective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment in this country is a very controversial issue, and has been for quite some time. The history of the death penalty in America dates all the ways back to 1622, where Daniel Frank was executed in the Colony of Virginia for the crime of theft. (UAA) Many more unrecorded executions occurred until the U.S. Bureau of Justice statistics began keeping track in 1930. During that time, there was an average of about 150 executions per year. That number rose until about 1938 then began to decline until 1967, when executions in the U.S. came to a halt. There was no law or court ruling that resulted in this, it was more of a self-induced moratorium on the state level. The legal and moral questions seemed to be coming into play. Then a ruling in 1972 by the U.S. Supreme Court stated that the death penalty under current statutes is 'arbitrary and capricious' and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. (Furman v. Georgia) That rulin g was reached on a vote of five to four, clearly showing how even the U.S. Supreme Court Justices, the highest authority of the law, were torn on the issue. This ruling essentially made Capital Punishment illegal in the United States. This lasted about four years, until another case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court (Gregg v. Georgia 1976) that reinstated the death penalty. It stated that it must be administered with guided discretion, meaning it must be applied fairly and uniformly. Two additional cases brought before the Supreme Court this year (Jurek v. Texas) and ( Proffit v. Florida) upheld the original ruling, that the death penalty is Constitutional. All of these court rulings deal with only the legality and constitutionality on Capital Punishment. However, there are many more fractions to be examined to truly evaluate the effectiveness of the death penalty. The question of morality enters into the equation. Is state sanctioned Capital Punishment moral? Deterrence is also a nother large factor. Does the death penalty deter capital crimes? Any problems within the justice system have to be reviewed, such as defense for lower income individuals, judges discretion, and discrimination. Public opinion on the subject is a fairly important issue, as the laws in this country should reflect the public interest. The economic cost of the death penalty is of cour... .... "Wrongful Executions are Unlikely." Opposing Viewpoints . Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Pataki, George E. "Capital Punishment is a Deterrent." Opposing Viewpoints . Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Pojman, Louis P. "Unfair Application of Capital Punishment does not Justify Abolishing it." Opposing Viewpoints.   Ã‚  Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 19 Nov. 2003 Proffitt v. Florida. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1976. 18 Nov. 2003 http://www.uaa.alaska.edu>. Pulley v. Harris. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1984. 18 Nov. 2003 . Recent Poll Results from around the Country. 18 Nov. 2003 . Scalia, Antonin. "The Death Penalty is Legally Just." Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 19 Nov. 2003 Tucker, William. "Society Needs the Death Penalty to Deter Murderers." Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Woodson v. North Carolina. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1976. 18 Nov. 2003.

Learning Styles Essay

1. What I intend to do In this assignment I will aim to discuss the factors which can affect learning for a student. Incorporated in this I will discuss theories of ‘learning styles’, comparing and contrasting them and try to identify aspects which can impact upon my practice. I will analyse my own teaching style and that of others to see how the theories can be applied and also assess my own success in meeting the needs of the students. 1.1 Why? The information provided in this assignment will allow me a better understanding of the variety of ways a student can learn. This will impact on my future as it will allow me to become a more successful classroom practitioner and allow me to recognise and cater for a variety of styles in my teaching resulting in more enthused, able and satisfied students. 2. Definition of learning Before one can discuss concepts of learning and learning styles, an understanding of the term is necessary. Learning is defined by the Encarta dictionary as: 1. Acquiring of knowledge: the acquisition of knowledge or skill 2. Acquired knowledge: knowledge or skill gained through education 3. Change in knowledge: a relatively permanent change in, or acquisition of, knowledge, understanding, or behaviour Learning occurs throughout life as more and more information is acquired, definition two focuses on knowledge through education, this is obviously the factor which I will focus on during this assignment, however I felt the inclusion of the other definitions was important, the first links well to the second, and the third is important to understand to allow the implementation of the first two. The third definition highlights that not all learning comes in a school based environment and that learning occurs at all times in all different ways, in effect it highlights that learning can occur in many ‘styles’. 3. Factors affecting learning Learning is complex; it can be affected by numerous factors which can reduce the effectiveness of learning. Some of these factors can be controlled, others cannot, it is the job of the teacher to have control of as many aspects of the learning as possible to ensure students achieve. Maslow’s original Hierachy of needs incorporates the perceived basic needs of a learner and their motivation, of which most, if not all need to be met to allow learning to be successful Of the factors mentioned by Maslow, only some can be controlled by the teacher such as safety, stability etc but many are down to the child’s home life. The factors which a teacher can be in control of can be managed by providing a safe, warm teaching environment so that learners are comfortable; the teacher should build positive relationships with the learners to support them and enhance learning and also allow for working in groups within the class. A clear structure and procedure in the lesson will provide stability and rewarding positive acts will give the learner a sense of achievement and help to build a positive reputation, leading to personal growth. The factors which are beyond our control can arguably have a greater effect on the success of learning. Learning style theories The idea of learning styles or different approaches to learning ‘emphasizes the fact that individuals perceive and process information in very different ways’. The idea that students learn in different ways implies that how much an individual learns can be affected by teaching method, therefore intelligence needs to be recognised in a different way, instead of is this student intelligent, the question an educator should ask is how is this student intelligent. The concept of learning styles is ‘rooted in the classification of psychological types’ Basically, through research, it has been demonstrated that individuals learn in different ways due to upbringing, heredity and the environment, it has also been demonstrated that ‘different individuals have a tendency to both perceive and process information differently’ The different ways of doing so are generally  classified as: 1.Concrete and abstract perceivers–Concrete perceivers absorb information through direct experience, by doing, acting, sensing, and feeling. Abstract perceivers, however, take in information through analysis, observation, and thinking. 2.Active and reflective processors–Active processors make sense of an experience by immediately using the new information. Reflective processors make sense of an experience by reflecting on and thinking about it. Schooling generally focuses on active and reflective processors however concrete and abstract perceivers are becoming more and more catered for. Learning styles theories impact education through the curriculum, instruction and assessment. The curriculum must place emphasis on intuition, feeling, sensing, and imagination, in addition to the traditional skills of analysis, reason, and sequential problem solving. In the instruction, teachers should design their instruction methods to connect with all four learning styles, using various combinations of experience, reflection, conceptualization, and experimentation. Finally, in assessment teachers should employ a variety of assessment techniques, focusing on the development of â€Å"whole brain† capacity and each of the different learning styles (http://www.funderstanding.com/content/learning-styles) Learning theories have been grouped into five clusters: 4.1 Behaviourism learning theory Behaviourism is a view that operates on a principle of â€Å"stimulus-response.†, in other words all behaviour is in some way caused by an external stimulus and it is the association between the stimulus and response which leads to a change in behaviour. This theory can be explained without reference to consciousness or ones internal mental state. I have seen this theory in action through lesson observations, for example the Head of Science. The teacher has clear routines in the lesson, along with positive reinforcement, rewards system, praise and a firm but fair view on behaviour. The method works very well for the teacher in question as the classes are engaged, enthused and make progress in lesson. (http://www.learning-theories.com) 4.2 Cognitivism learning theory Cognitivism involves recall or recognition of key facts, it effectively views the mind as an information processor. It places emphasis of the role of prior knowledge and being able to convert information from short term memory to long term memory. This theory counteracts that of behaviourism by saying that the human mind is not pre-programmed to respond only to external stimuli and that it requires ‘active participation in order to learn’ The cognitivism theory views the brains learning as such: Information→Processing→Outcome I have observed this style in a humanities lesson on the Olympics, key ideas were constantly referred to and displayed on handouts, students were encouraged to link the information they were given to experiences they had had and link into different scenarios to allow the students to recognise and understand the key ideas of the lesson. This is probably the theory I use most, I try to engage students by getting them to use their own experiences and thoughts when discussing topics in science to allow better understanding and application. 4.3 Constructivism learning theory Constructivism uses the idea that all learners need to construct their knowledge from their previous knowledge and the new information presented to them. The learning also incorporates problem solving as the new information can conflict what they already knew, leading to a ‘solution’ being sought and found. Constructivism is subjective i.e. based on the learners opinion. Constructivism is a key area to focus on in the development of starter activities, if a learner uses previous knowledge then a starter must incorporate what they already know to allow them to build upon this and acquire new knowledge. In science, misconceptions are often found in a students prior knowledge, evidence provided in lesson, often in the form of experimental results can conflict previous knowledge, necessitating the need for the problem solving aspect of constructivism to allow the knowledge to be acquired. I have observed this theory in practice through the use of self assessment and peer assessment within the Science department. This allows students to give and receive feedback on their opinions allowing them to develop their individual knowledge. 4.4 Social learning theory This theory suggests that learning is most successful when dealt with in a social setting. The theory works on the principle that people can learn solely from observations. I have observed this in science lessons through the teacher demonstrating a practical to the students before they attempted the practical themselves, I have also seen it in group work where one student models an idea and others observe then copy to advance learning. 5. Stages of learning Learning is not an immediate process; learners typically will not immediately go from no knowledge to full understanding, usually a learner will advance through a series of learning stages. One theory is that there are four stages: 1.Unconscious Incompetence â€Å"I don’t know that I don’t know how to do this.† This is the stage of blissful ignorance before learning begins. 2. Conscious Incompetence â€Å"I know that I don’t know how to do this, yet.† This is the most difficult stage, where learning begins, and where the most judgments against self are formed. 3. Conscious Competence â€Å"I know that I know how to do this.† This stage of learning is easier than the second stage, but it is still uncomfortable and self-conscious. 4. Unconscious Competence â€Å"What, you say I did something well?† The final stage of learning a skill is when it has become a natural part of us; we don’t have to think about it. This is a simple model for learning, however it doesn’t always fit with how a student will learn in a classroom environment as other skills are asked of students such as application of knowledge. Another theory which does incorporate this is the learning hierarchy (Haring, Lovitt, Eaton, & Hansen,  1978) has four stages, these are: acquisition, fluency, generalization, and adaptation: 1.Acquisition: The student has begun to learn how to complete the target skill correctly but is not yet accurate or fluent in the skill. The goal in this phase is to improve accuracy 2.Fluency: The student is able to complete the target skill accurately but works slowly. The goal of this phase is to increase the student’s speed of responding (fluency). 3.Generalisation: The student is accurate and fluent in using the skill but cannot apply it to other suitable situations, the focus of this stage is to encourage the use of the skill in the widest possible range of settings and situations. 4.Adaptation: The student is accurate and fluent in using the skill and can use it in many situations or settings. The student still cannot adapt the skills to fit novel tasks-demands or situations. The focus of this stage is for the student to identify previously learned skills and adapt them to new situations. If a teacher can accurately identify which stage the learner is at then that teacher can select ideas that are more likely to be successful in meeting the students learning needs (Differentiation). The stages are also important to consider when introducing a new topic, especially one which is unlikely to be familiar to the learner. The lesson plan needs to be chunked to allow each learning stage to be met, a learner cannot be asked to apply knowledge before they have acquired it in the first place 6. What are learning styles? The learning styles movement in the UK began in 1982 with the launch of the Honey and Mumford questionnaire (to be discussed later).The basic idea of learning styles is that students learn in different ways. It is said that everyone has a preffered style to learn in and that this style can be tested for to give the teacher information on how best to support a students learning and accommodate them in the learning environment. (http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=2153773) 6.1 David Kolb’s learning styles model and experiential learning theory (ELT) In 1984, Kolb published his learning styles model, it focussed on four distinct learning styles, however, Kolb’s model allows a learner to touch on all four categories in a cycle rather than sit in just one, however the  learner will have a preferred style of learning.. The four Kolb’s learning styles are as follows: 1.Diverging (feeling and watching – CE/RO) – These learners prefer to watch a scenario rather than be involved in it, gathering information and using imagination to solve problems. They are interested in people, tend to be imaginative and emotional, and tend to be strong in the arts. This type of learner prefers to work in groups and listen with an open mind; they also enjoy receiving personal feedback. 2.Converging (doing and thinking – AC/AE) – This type of learner is a problem solver; they use their learning to find solutions to practical problems. Convergers are more interested in a task where there is a single answer and respond well in this situation. Convergers like to experiment with new ideas and find practical uses for ideas and theories. Convergers tend to be relatively unemotional and would rather deal with things than people, in this sense they are opposite to Divergers. 3.Assimilating (watching and thinking – AC/RO) – This type of learner requires a clear explanation rather than an opportunity to practice it themselves. An assimilating learner seeks a concise and logical approach, favouring ideas and concepts over people. An assimilator likes to structure information into a logical format, as such they excel in information and scientific careers. An assimilator likes a formal learning situation, with readings, lectures, an opportunity to explore analytical models, and the time to think things through. 4.Accommodating (doing and feeling – CE/AE) – This type of learner enjoys practical learning which relies on intuition rather than logic. An accommodator tends not to do their own analysis but will rely on information from others. Accommodators are risk takers and work on a trial and error basis, they excel in team work and like to set targets and actively work to achieve them. These models, as stated before, are not necessarily distinct, i.e. it is still possible for an accommodator to work in a converger’s environment, but learning is likely to be less successful. Kolb also said that it is possible to change a learning style but it takes a great effort to do so. 6.2 Honey & Mumford In 1982, Honey and Mumford developed a model of learning styles using Kolb’s work as a basis. The model is a variation of Kolb’s using the terms  Activist, Reflector, Theorist and Pragmatist to represent each stage rather than Kolb’s terms. Below is a table defining the stages. Learning StyleCorresponding Kolb Learning StylePreferred Mode Of Learning Activist (Do)AccommodatingDoing things, carrying out activities, ‘act first before considering consequences’ Reflector (Review)DivergingCollect and analyse data, ‘stand back and observe’ Theorist (Conclude)AssimilatingThink in logical steps, create theories from information, ‘disciplined, aim to fit things into a rational order’ Pragmatist (Plan)ConvergingApplication of knowledge to a specific problem, ‘Keen to put theories and techniques into practice’ http://www.mftrou.com/honey-mumford.html http://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htm Below is a brief description of the learner and a table displaying in which situation that learner will learn well and which situations the learner may not thrive in. 1. Activists- These learners are open minded and enthusiastic about new ideas, they enjoy doing an activity, especially in a new situation. Activists enjoy working in groups but like being in limelight Activists learn best when:Activists learn less when: Involved in new experiences, problems and opportunitiesListening to lectures or long explanations Working with others e.g. team work, role playReading, writing or thinking on their own Being thrown in the deep end with a difficult taskAbsorbing and understanding data Leading/chairing discussionsFollowing precise instruction to the letter http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/media/ferl_and_aclearn/ferl/pages/news_events/events/2004/november/workshop_presentations/B10.doc 2. Reflectors- Reflectors like to stand back from a situation and view it from different perspectives. A reflector will gather data and analyse it before coming to a conclusion. Reflectors enjoy observing and listening to others. Reflectors learn best whenReflectors learn less when Observing individuals or groups at workActing as a leader or role playing in front of others Given opportunity to review what has happened and think about what they have learntDoing things with no time to prepare Produce analysis and reports without tight deadlinesBeing thrown in at the deep end Being rushed or worried by deadlines http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/media/ferl_and_aclearn/ferl/pages/news_events/events/2004/november/workshop_presentations/B10.doc 3. Theorists- Integrate observations into theories, problems are worked through on a step by step basis, tend to be detached and analytical rather than emotive and subjective. Theorists learn best whenTheorists learn less when Given structured situations with clear purposeActivity is unstructured or poorly briefed Put in complex situations where they have to use their skills and knowledgeHave to partake in activities which involve emotion or feelings Given the chance to question or probe ideas behind thingsHave top do things without knowing the principles or concepts involved Offered ideas or concepts not necessarily immediately relevantFeel they are ‘out of tune’ with other participants http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/media/ferl_and_aclearn/ferl/pages/news_events/events/2004/november/workshop_presentations/B10.doc 4. Pragmatists- These are keen to try things out, they enjoy working with concepts which can be applied to situations they encounter. Pragmatists tend to be impatient with long discussion and prefer to be practical. Pragmatists learn best whenPragmatists learn less when There is an obvious link between the topic and the jobThere is no obvious or immediate benefit that they can recognise Have the chance to try out techniques with feedback There is no practice or guidelines on how to do it They are shown techniques with obvious advantages e.g. saving timeThere is no apparent ‘payback’ or reward They are shown a model they can copy e.g. a film or a respected bossThe learning is all theory http://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/media/ferl_and_aclearn/ferl/pages/news_events/events/2004/november/workshop_presentations/B10.doc 6.3 VAK VAK is a multi-sensory approach to teaching and learning. It is split into three distinct groups: Learning styleDescription VisualSeeing and reading AuditoryListening and speaking KinaestheticTouching and doing Visual- This can be incorporated into a lesson using pictures, observation, handouts, demonstration, videos, flip-charts etc. Auditory- This can be incorporated into a lesson by the use of spoken word, sounds, noises etc. Kinaesthetic- This can be incorporated into lessons by the use of practical, hands on activities-touching, feeling, holding, doing, role play etc. According to VAK, most people will have a dominant style of learning; however it is possible for some people to have a relatively balanced mixture of the three styles. A person’s learning style is a reflection of their mix of intelligences. It is also a reflection of their brain type and dominance.

Bombarded by Advertisements

Bombarded by Advertisements Free Online Research Papers Today television, internet are constantly bombarded by advertisements, news and all sorts of information. These all are various means of conveying views and ideas to people. It is not possible to read all of these ideas and issues in a detailed, in-depth manner. We need a better way to convey these ideas. Thus, i agree with the issue completely that images convey the reality in a much better way than words ever can. In todays fast paced world it is very difficult to have a general overview of all the proceedings which happen all over the world. We can read or listen to a limited amount of news before we get saturated. There is a simple solution to this problem. Images. An image can convey the exact idea in a fraction of the time it takes to read the same article. The horrifying incident of September 11th left a mark on the world. If we would have read this in the newspaper as a headline such as Planes Crash into the World Trade Centre we could not have grasped the gravity of the situation. On seeing the immensely disturbing photos and videos of the planes actually crashing with peole jumping out of the building from windows left an indelible mark on the viewers. On a lighter note the various advertisements which we are accustomed to watch in large numbers also have the same philosophy. Instead of a catchy image or a gripping video if the advertisers opt to give extensive written material it is for sure that no one will read the material rather they might choose to ignore it. All of the successful advertisements are successful due to the fact that they caught the attention of the audience in a fraction of a second and conveyed the meassage in the same amount of time. It is human nature to remember different or outrageous pictures, which is the fact the advertisers make use of. An advertisement showing Halle Berry saying that she became beautiful using some sort of face cream creates a better impression than the actual ingredients or the medical reasoning due to which the cream may work. Although it is also said that some images may convey different messages to different people I still feel that a well taken picture or a well directed video conveys the idea in a much better way. Hence images influence people in a more profound way. May those ideas be advertisements, news or general suggestions. Thus it is said that A picture is worth a thousand words. Research Papers on Bombarded by AdvertisementsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and CanadaMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Get this new symbol and youll pay for it - Emphasis

Get this new symbol and youll pay for it Get this new symbol and youll pay for it If you have an aversion to emoticons and their ilk, you may want to look away now. Introducing an entirely new symbol to express heavy-handedly what your words apparently cant: ladies and gentlemen, the Sarcmark. As you might already have guessed, it can be handily popped at the end of a sentence to signify when youre being sarcastic. Actually, its probably meant to be an indicator of irony, but presumably the Iromark didnt have quite the same commercial appeal. Thats right: youll have to pay to use it. Its makers, Sarcasm Inc, will charge you a mere 1.20 for the privilege. So will we be downloading it? Of course. (Darn, now we need one. The irony!) Ok, sometimes the lack of tone in email can be a problem. But sarcasms a tricky one to pull off at the best of times, particularly in business dealings. Insert one of these and you run the risk of either offending your reader for using sarcasm at all, or by assuming theyre too dim-witted to recognise it if they see it.

Theme of Responsibility in Of Mice and Men Essay - 1

Theme of Responsibility in Of Mice and Men - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that George appears from the beginning of the story as a man who takes responsibility for his childhood friend Lennie. He made efforts to protect Lennie who often got the duo into problems with his physical strength and mental disability. When seeking jobs in the new ranch, George took the responsibility of covering the weaknesses of his friend. In many occasions, he reprimanded Lennie concerning his handling of dead mice. In these cases, he presented a responsibility in terms of hygiene. He cautioned his friend of the possibility of catching a disease through handling dead animals. He presents a sense of personal responsibility in the sense that he worked hard on the ranch and had dreams of developing himself to the level of a farm owner some day. However, he presents moral irresponsibility because he was one of the men who visit brothels. In addition, the move he opted to take at the end of the novel raises a controversy. After realizing th at his friend Lennie was about to face the wrath of Curley, he decided to take away his life. Although he protected his friend from any harm and gave him cautions to avoid any chaos on the ranch, one wonders whether he had the justification to take his life. This episode has two sides. He acted irresponsibly to take the life of a fellow man. In a different perspective, he took the responsibility of protecting his friend from painful death, indignation, and humiliation. Slim presents attributes of responsibility throughout his stay in the ranch. He had expertise in the ‘skinner’ profession. In addition, he was a diligent worker in the ranch. This is the case because he earned respect from other workers in the ranch because of his sense of responsibility and dedication. Slim was among the workers that ensured the success of the ranch. His contribution was of considerable worth because it translated to the farm’s success.

R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC Research Paper

R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC - Research Paper Example After a serious investigation, the company was charged with some Occupational Safety and Health offences, which lead to expensive penalties. Discussion The paper will investigate the Williams construction company in relation to OSHA Act. It seeks to highlight the legal issues in the case, employer’s violation of the Act, and the role of the workers in maintaining the liability under the act. Legal issues The trench collapse that caused the death and serious injury of two Williams Company employees and the company’s violation of the OSHA Act summarizes the main legal issues in the case. Therefore, the legal concerns, who is responsible for upholding the violations of certain Occupational Safety and Health principles? Is it the court or the Williams construction company? The employer’s failures or violations After the investigation, the OSHA Act charged the Williams Construction company with a number of violations. First, the company failed to instruct and equip th e workers and managers with necessary strategies on how to identify and avoid hazardous working environment, as demanded by the OSHA regulations, (Wilshusen, Berg, Brookie, Okizaki & American Bar Association, (2008). The company did not provide any safety training to both the employees and managers in charge. For instance, Secondly, the company failed to make sure that the two workers did not need to move over 25 feet to a secure region, based on the OSHA Act requirements. The Act assumed that the employees were unaware of the depth they should attempt because the company did not issue any instruction about it. The company similarly, broke the law by offering just one safe egress mechanism at the east side of the forty-five deep excavation. Even though, it seems that one pump was stationed over twenty-five feet far from the ramp of the trench, the exact pumps’ position or the exact location of the employees verse the ramp during the collapse of the excavations, is rather imma terial. A person working not more than twenty-five feet away from the exit may prefer to move far away from the point of egress to do his work satisfactorily. Therefore, it is justified to predict that any workers already in the dangerous zone will be automatically exposed to the hazard itself. Therefore, this OSHA regulation applies irrespective of whether workers were exposed to real hazard during the time of trench fall. According to OSHA regulation, a violation is validated if a worker has access to hazardous zones over twenty-five feet away from egress means. Third, the company did not have a competent expert, trained mainly to ensure trench safety. The Act requires that the construction company should have a competent expert with certain knowledge and expertise in analysis of soil and protective mechanisms and able to identify fatal conditions. In additions, the company should have an expert to conduct routine excavation inspections to ensure hazardous conditions are identifie s as required by OSHA regulations, (Genson, Kerezman & American Bar Association, 2006). For instance, John, the supervisor confessed that he had not seen the safety manual of the company located at backside of the trucks seat. Additionally, the company did not train him as an OSHRC competent expert and had no any training apart from his job. Fourthly, the company did not ensure that the trench ways are supported and slopped based on the regulation requirements. Therefore, on the four above violations, the Labor Secretary

ITEC ASSIGNMENT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ITEC ASSIGNMENT - Coursework Example Toddler girl boot should be third as they fall under number three in profit generation. Based on my analysis, some products that can less ordered. This enables the firm to incur less holding cost. This also helps to reduce the risk of selling the products at salvage value, which may lead to losses to the firm. The ordering of fewer products also helps to reduce the ordering cost. Less order make it possible to sell them out easily and this can enable the firm to order once ordering level reaches. Since the probability of the business incurring loss increases downwards, it is of great importance for the firm to place few orders. Newsvendor model is useful when making a last decision of a product in its life cycle. This enables the manufacturers to buy in bulk of which when the stock is too large then they sell at salvage value. Trietsch, Dan. Optimal Feeding Buffers for Projects or Batch Supply Chains by an Exact Generalization of the Newsvendor Model. Auckland, N.Z: Dept. of Information Systems and Operations Management, University of Auckland,  2004.

Strenthening Early Literacy Skills in Studnets Language Essay Example for Free

Strenthening Early Literacy Skills in Studnets Language Essay When discussing early literacy, its development begins at birth and continues its development throughout yearly childhood years. Literacy is having the skill to read and write. Early stages of literacy begin to develop with the pre-alphabetic skills where they are able to understand the function and its characters and print. â€Å"An alphabetic period wherein the child becomes conversant with the alphabetic code and acquires increasingly function word identification and text processing skills Literacy: Reading (Early Stages), 2005.† Phoneme awareness is developed during this stage of literacy as well. The third and final stage of literacy is considered to be advanced alphabetic/orthographic stage where children have the ability to combine their knowledge in decoding and spelling. These beginning years of a young child are the years where teachers and parents have the ability to prepare youngsters with concepts and skills in reading and wring. Having this ability will allow students to further a lifelong desire for reading that may help other areas of development as a growing child. In this paper, practical techniques in increasing early literacy skills among children will be discussed and examined. Strategies in improving development in all areas of literacy including listening skills will also be gathered and discussed. Promoting Development of Phonological Awareness Being phonetically aware offers the foundation in becoming a fluent reader, along with preparing them in skills for later reading skills in phonics, word analysis, and spelling words out. Studies have shown that the common thread in early reading skills is the failure to understand or process language phonologically (David J. Chard and Shirley V. Dickson, 1999). This problem has been considered to be effecting for both students with and without learning disabilities. The basis of phonological awareness comprehends how â€Å"oral language can be divided into smaller components and manipulated. Spoken language can be broken down in many different ways, including sentences into words and words into syllables (David J. Chard and Shirley V. Dickson, 1999).† One other component that is associated with these skills is obtaining phonemic awareness. This is having the understanding how words individually sound, while being able to influence or change these words into blends or segmenting them into new words. Promoting phonological skills and awareness begins as early as four years old. Including a variety of activities that will help train these youngsters in developing strong reading skills is highly important and much needed to see successful progression. Reasonable instructional actives for young children should include rhyming activities, nursery rhymes, and other activities the sensitize children with in comparison and differences in sounds of words. Segmentations words games such as â€Å"I scream you scream† while clapping each word out and change the name games by removing first letters of words to make new words. Vocabulary based learning can positively help develop literacy development. Children are able to make further connections when words that are already spoken are implemented into new parts of instruction. Implementing sight words, letter patterns, and pictures words are also highly recommended when trying to infuse old and new skills. Enhancing Listening Skills Successful learning is needed in many areas that teachers need to consistently meet and introduce. Students need direct instruction, structure, practice, and time on task routines where they are able to explore and engage in active learning. â€Å"Skills associated with reading readiness include: (a) auditory discrimination: the ability to identify and differentiate familiar sounds, similar sounds, rhyming words, and the sounds of letters; (b) visual discrimination: including color recognition, shape, and letter identification; (c) visual motor skills: such as left to right eye progression, cutting on a line with scissors and coloring within the lines of a picture; and (d) large motor skills: such as skipping, hopping, and walking on a line (Early literacy development, 2011).† Oral language can also be included when considering successful literacy development. Storytelling and â€Å"talk and literacy† can be both considered to be two great activities that teachers and parents can include in everyday experiences. Sharing picture books, listening to a story aloud, drawing, coloring and early writing are all samples of literacy; however, reading aloud helps students gain experiences for later samples where students may transfer comprehension to writing. Listening also increases engaged conversation, while offering insight of comprehension of text (Early literacy development, 2006). When introduced properly oral language development should increase in areas such as inexpressive skills, receptive, and vocabulary usage. Techniques on Promoting Literacy Components Comprehension strategies help children understand, remember and communicate what they read. Comprehension helps children have the ability to connect what they are reading to what they already know. With practice, students are able to make predictions, create ideas, raise questions, and problem solve. Both teachers and parents will be able to build vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and motivation while making assessments, reflections, planning, and teaching/re-teaching any skills that were introduced. Reading fluency allows students read text accurately and quickly. Teaching skills that can help promote reading fluency is identifying punctuation, grouping words, and using expressive language to make further outcomes. When a student demonstrates weakness in fluency they read slowly, word to word, focusing on decoding rather than comprehending the context of what they are reading. Offering age appropriate instruction and materials when implementing particular skills or curriculum is highly recommended. Playing games or using nursery rhymes using words in one way to informally implement or reinforced these particular skills. Using sentence strips promotes sight word identification, building simple or complex sentences, or grouping words together. Having weekly spelling bees using pictures prompts will help promote connections to words as well. Breaking units into smaller units and modeling activities as it is first introduced help increase success with literacy. (Chard, David J., Dickenson, Shirley V., 1999) Incorporating Writing Beginning stages of writing is when young a young child’s draws and scribbles. Pretend writing, making list, writing or drawing messages or stories are also samples of writing. Letters or clusters of letters are followed. â€Å"Children move into the letter- name stage in which vowels beings to appear along with prominent constants (The Development of Literacy in the Elementary Schools, 2011).† Students also play with letters and pictures when they begin to invent words calling it â€Å"invent spelling†. Keeping track of ideas and assessments with journal entries help teacher assess student’s progression. Activities and Techniques in Oral and Written Language By the age of 10, children can view their writing through the eyes of a reader. Their writings become more multidimensional, and they can shift between narrative and description and narrative and dialogue in one piece (The Development of Literacy in the Elementary School, 2011).† Writing becomes meaningful when students are able to think and rethink ideas. Students should be able to make mix print, spoken words, visual, and digital components into completing writing abilities. Reading and writing go hand in hand. The best ways to help implement these skills is by having students involved in what they are currently reading. Providing samples of illustrations while offering different styles or types of writing are essentially needed. Graphic organizes help keep students ideas well organized. Writing letters, teaching students how to navigate through email, using cross word puzzles, word walls, creating stories, creating recipes or directions on how to build something are great examples of incorporating both reading and writing skills. Building Strong Partnership with Parents Parent involvement is very important when trying to implement literacy skills in young students. Encouraging parents by offering enriched reading samples or a book to children is a good step towards increasing literacy awareness. Talking and singing song to children are also great opportunists for children to learn new words or ideas. Preparing students with reading readiness programs are all helpful when trying to instill social, physical and cognitive abilities. At times, teachers will have to teach parents how to become more responsive when reading or sharing information. Parents should offer a variety of opportunities in exposing children to words, symbols, and logos where students may be able to increase literacy skills. Keeping both parents and teachers equally informed will help bridge the gaps of between illiteracy and emergent learners. In closing, providing the foundation for building successful literacy skills should be considered while engaging them in meaningful discussions and learning. These beginning years of a young child are the years where teachers and parents have the ability to prepare youngsters with concepts and skills in reading and writing. Having this ability will allow students to further a lifelong desire for reading that may help other areas of development as a growing child. Reference Early literacy development. (2006). In Key Concepts in Early Childhood Education and Care. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/sageukecec/early_literacy_development Early Literacy Development. (2011). In Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/routengart/early_literacy_development Chard, David J., Dickenson, Shirley V. (1999) Phonological Awareness: Instructional and Assessment guidelines. http://www.ldonline.org/article/6254 The Development of Literacy in the Elementary School. (2011). In Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts. Retrieved http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/routengart/the_development_of_literacy_in Miller, M., Veatch, N. (2010). Teaching literacy in context: Choosing and using instructional strategies. The Reading Teacher, 64(3), 154-165. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/791757793?accountid=7374 Gordon, C. (2010). Meeting Readers Where They Are. School Library Journal, 56(11), 32.

Concept Analysis Patient Advocacy Nursing Essay

Concept Analysis Patient Advocacy Nursing Essay The purpose of this concept analysis is to identify, focus, and refine how patient advocacy is perceived by professional nurses in the nursing community. Â   This paper will follow the Walker and Advant (2011) method of concept analysis to identify the concept of patient advocacy from existing literature with the aim to analyze and provide clarity and direction for enhancement of advocacy in nursing. Â   Further, steps will include the process of identifying attributes of the concept, describing all model cases selected, identifying antecedents and consequences regarding the concept, and lastly, identifying examples of empirical referents of the concept (Walker Avant, 2011). Â   Â   Identification of Concept and Aim of Analysis Patients often have an inadequate knowledge of illness and medicine, yet they desire more control over their personal healthcare. Â   In many healthcare settings, patient care is unpredictable and patients right to self-determine and quality-of-life has a tendency to be ignored (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Advocacy is understood as the act of pleading for, supporting, or recommending (Websters Online Dictionary, n.d.). Â   Moreover, the concept most often noted in literature as a component of nursing advocacy involves acting on behalf of patients, including nurses activities of speaking, fighting, and standing up for their patients (Hanks, 2007). Â   Nurses are in a unique position to support their patients interests in the re-establishment of health and well-being through patient advocacy. However, due to the limited number of quantitative empirical studies of patient advocacy in nursing, the definition of patient advocacy is not consistent, and many nurses have a limited view of what patient advocacy is and how to perform the challenging task of protecting and supporting patients rights. (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   The aim of this analysis is to clarify, define, and refine the concept of patient advocacy in order to expand understanding of this concept in nursing practice. Defining Attributes According to much of the literature, defining attributes of patient advocacy involves a series of specific actions by nurses to protect, represent, and safeguard the patients rights, best interests, and values within the healthcare system (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   As well, safeguarding patients autonomy, acting on behalf of patients, and defending social justice in the delivery of health care are all core attributes of patient-care advocacy (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   The title of patient supporter and patient representative is also used frequently in research literature to describe the role of the nurse advocate (Hank, 2007). Â   These attributes place patients at the center of the of the healthcare system, emphasizing patients legal rights and well-being, and nurses humanity, kindness, and fairness in the delivery of health care (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Cases of Patient Advocacy Cases of patient advocacy can be examples of several main factors that define and challenge the attributes that facilitate or hinder nurses as patient advocates. Â   A model case is defined as an example of the use of the concept that demonstrates all the defining attributes of the concept (Walker Avant, 2011, p. 163). Â   In addition to the model case exemplar, the attributes of patient advocacy will be defined and challenged through case examples of borderline, related, and contrary cases. Model Case An example of a model case for patient advocacy involves a Registered Nurse who has been working as the charge nurse of a busy Emergency Department for 15 years. Â   P.B. has just come on shift, when an air emergency vehicle lands on the helipad with a 22-year-old, male, trauma patient. Â   The paramedic reports that the patient was involved in a two vehicle head-on collision, the patient was ejected from the vehicle, and that there is a possibility of a spinal cord injury. Â   Immediately, the trauma team attends to any life-threatening injuries, while P.B. quietly and efficiently attends to the patients emotional and safety needs. Â   She quickly determines that the patient would like his mother contacted only, that he would like to know the extent of his injuries, and that he suffering a considerable amount of pain. Â   After the patients primary care is complete, P.B. explains spinal shock to the patient, allows the previously-contacted mother to enter the Emergency Department, and carefully reviews the plan-of-care with both the patient and the mother. Â   She then offers to contact further family as needed, and presents herself available for any further questions. Â   Further, after administering ordered pain medications, P.B. is very astute with timed, follow-up, assessments regarding effective pain control. Â   The above nurse demonstrates the core attributes necessary when a nurse is successful in the role as patient advocate. Â   The nurse acted as a patient protector from pain and fear, representing and safeguarding the patients rights and autonomy through contacting the appropriate family members, and addressing the patients pain with medication and personal reassessment of patients pain control. Â   As well, the nurse showed kindness, fairness, and humility with congruity of care by personally providing the patient and the patients family with compassion and education regarding the patients injury and treatment. Borderline Case An example of a borderline case regarding the role of a nurse as a patient-advocator would involve the same scenario, but slightly different reactions from the above charge nurse. Â   As the helicopter lands and the patients life-threatening injuries are attended to by the trauma team, P.B. offers to contact the family members of the patient. Â   The patient asks that only his mother be notified, that he is afraid, and that he is in tremendous pain. Â   P.B. quickly reassures the patient that she will contact his mother, that being afraid is natural, and that as soon as she is given the order, she will provide the patient pain medicine. Â   When the patients mother arrives in the Emergency Department, P.B. explains the nature of the patients injuries, assures the mother that her son is going to be fine, and then leaves the two alone to discuss their options for care. The above example represents a borderline case due to the mid-range of appropriate reactions by the nurse attending the needs of a patient. Â   The patients autonomy, privacy, and rights were safeguarded when the nurse contacted the appropriate family members. Â   However, the nurse did not demonstrate effective fairness when assuring the patient and the patients mother that everything would be fine with regard to the patients injuries. Â   Further, the nurse did not display kindness and compassion when leaving the patient and his mother alone without first determining that their educational and emotional needs were met. Related Case An example of a related case using the previous scenario involves a variance in the actions of the charge nurse. P.B has just begun her role as charge nurse on the night shift in the Emergency Department. Â   One of the trauma nurses has called in sick, and she is now required to provide care as a nurse on the trauma team as well as fulfill the role as charge nurse. Â   Shortly after her shift begins, a 24-year-old, male, trauma victim arrives via air transport, and P.B. realizes that she will have to be the primary nurse on this patients case. Â   The patient is quickly stabilized, but a spinal cord injury with possible paralysis is soon diagnosed by the trauma physician. Â   The patient is very frightened, in pain, and requests that P.B. phone his mother. Â   P.B. calmly assures the patient that she will contact his mother, administers ordered pain medication, and then assures the patient that she will return to check on him shortly. Â   However, due to P.B.s charge nurse status, she is needed in another trauma case and the 24-year-old trauma victim is replaced by another trauma nurse. This case appears to demonstrate the concept of patient advocacy. Â   However, when examined closely, the trauma patient may have felt that P.B. did not provide kindness, compassion, and congruity of care when failing to return to his bedside after stating that she would. Unknown to the patient, P.B.s responsibilities as a charge nurse kept her busy for the rest of the shift, and in fact, P.B. explained the transfer of nursing care to the patients mother. Â   However, the patients mother left the department while the patient was asleep, and no explanation was ever made to effectively relieve the patients feeling of desertion. Â   This exemplar may simply be a demonstration of a nurse who is very busy with patient care rather than the absence of patient advocacy. Contrary Case Using the scenario provided above, the contrary case example involves P.B. as she has just arrived to work as the Emergency Department charge nurse for the evening shift. Â   A trauma victim has been transported into the emergency bay, and he is suffering paralysis due to a spinal cord injury. Â   The victim is 24-year-old male, appears extremely frightened, and is in pain. Â   As the charge nurse, P.B. does not typically have individual patients assigned to her, and this is no exception. Â   However, the nurse assigned to the patient asks P.B. to contact the patients mother and to stay with the patient until his anxiety and pain have lessened. Â   P.B. calls the number provided on the patients chart, and asks the patients father to immediately come to the Emergency Department, relaying that he should contact the victims mother as well. Â   Following the phone call, P.B. stays with the patient for a short time, but does not provide any comfort measures; instead, P.B. frequently leaves the patients bedside, avoids speaking with patient, and denies any knowledge of his condition when asked for updates by the patient. The above nurse does not demonstrate the core attributes identified when a nurse is successful in the role of patient advocate. Â   The nurse fails to act as a patient protector from fear or to represent and safeguard the patients rights and autonomy through contacting the inappropriate family member. Â   Further, the nurse does not attempt to exude kindness, humanity, or supporter-of-patients needs by frequently leaving his bedside and failing to offer reassurance or education regarding the patients injuries. Â   This is clearly not the concept of a patient advocate role. Identification of Antecedents Antecedents are those incidents or events in place prior to the occurrence of the concept being researched (Walker Avant, 2011). Â   Antecedents of patient advocacy occur at all levels of the healthcare system, and appeal for nurses to advocate for patients. Â   Advocacy for patients stems from a need to protect a vulnerable population that loses power to represent or defend itself (Hank, 2007). Â   Vulnerable patients are the most frequently mentioned situation demanding nurses advocacy actions (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Populations of vulnerable people include groups or individuals who cannot fully embody and defend their own rights, needs, welfares and wishes, are unable to make suitable choices, or unable to carry out their choices (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Identification of Consequences The consequences of patient advocacy are a result of nurses patient advocacy and can be either positive or negative (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Successful patient advocacy actions produce positive consequences through the protection of patients rights, needs, welfares, and wishes (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   The nursing profession may also have positive consequences as a result of patient advocacy through increases in professional fulfillment, self-confidence and self-respect through the preservation of personal integrity and moral principles (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Negative consequences can occur when nurses advocate for patients and risks are reported as the advocator being insubordinate; many patient advocators suffer loss of reputation, support system, and self-esteem (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Identification of Examples of Empirical Referent Empirical referents are classes or categories of actual phenomena demonstrating the occurrence of the concept, and in many cases the defining attributes and empirical referents will be the same (Walker Avant, 2011). Â   The concept of patient advocacy, or specific patient advocacy action, is classified under the core attributes listed above, and the empirical referents of this concept analysis are the same. Â   The defining attributes include safeguarding, protecting, representing patients rights, best interests, and values within the healthcare system (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Safeguarding patients autonomy, acting on behalf of patients, and defending social justice in the delivery of health care are also listed as defining attributes of patient advocacy (Bu Jezewski, 2006). Â   Patient supporter and patient representative are also included in this analysis to be attributes in the role of nurse patient-advocate (Hank, 2007). In conclusion, patient advocacy is an essential part of the professional nursing practice. If the need for advocacy is not appropriately acknowledged and applied, effective healthcare will not be received. Â   The concept analysis of this paper provided clarity, definition, and refinement of the concept of patient advocacy and promotes advocating of patients as a necessary step in the advancement intended for nurses professional practice.